Informatics Publishing Limited

Rajesh Kumar Sharma ¹, Mark H. Gulela ²

Affiliations
1 Himalayan College of Nursing, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, IN
2 University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Illinois, US

Abstract

Background: Problem Based Learning (PBL) is an instructional method for active learning for nursing students to understand the concept, improve the critical thinking and develop problem solving skills.

Purpose: problem-based learning is an approach that develops students' ability to critically apply the cumulative knowledge to actual clinical problems which reinforces motivation to learn, develops clinical reasoning skills, and enhance self-directed and life-long learning.

Method: Active learning by problem based learning will be applied as the teaching instructional method in nursing. In this method, four different case scenario will be given to all class students in small groups. All groups will be given the time to debate, critique, analyze and conclude the different case scenario. The teacher will act as a facilitator for student's active learning and discuss the different cases. David Merrill's first principles of instructions will be applied in PBL. So, as a result PBL will be used for active learning as a teaching module in nursing to develop the skills of learning effectively, team working, and communication and most importantly high order cognitive skills in nursing Practice.

Anticipated Implications: PBL is a method that allows the nursing students to explore real problem situations with an emphasis on problem-solving. PBL is a learner-centered method of teaching and it helps student to become more effective in identifying, seeking out and assimilating knowledge in nursing. PBL approaches for active learning. So, it will also help Nursing students to retain the knowledge for long term and perform better in their examination.

Keywords

Problem Based Learning, Active Learning, Student-Centered Learning.

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Rajesh Kumar Sharma ¹, G. P. Rajni ², Deepak Nathiya ¹, Ashish Kumar Sharma ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacy, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, KLE’s Colleges of Pharmacy, Rajaji Nagar, Bangaluru, Karnataka, IN
3 Department of Pharmacology, Arya College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

The plant Bauhinia variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae) is commonly known as Mountain Ebony. It is widely used in folklore medicine in treatment of ulcer, to prevent obesity, as an astringent, tonic and in skin diseases. To evaluate the wound healing activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Bauhinia variegata Linn. ischolar_main by excision and incision wound models in rats as there were no scientific reports on its wound healing activity.

Excision and incision wound models were used to evaluate the wound healing activity of both ethanolic and aqueous extracts at 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. using albino Wistar rats. The wound healing activity was assessed by percentage of wound closure, period of epithelialization, hydroxyproline estimation and histopathological studies of the granulation tissue for excision wound model and incision wound model was evaluated by tensile strength measurement. Treatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ischolar_main of Bauhinia variegata Linn. at both the doses produced significant (P<0.001) wound healing activity. Ethanolic extract produced wound healing activity which was comparable to control in both wound models. The result of wound healing activity was substantiated by the histopathological evaluation. Phenolic content of ethanolic and aqueous extracts were found to be 14.88 and 22.62 μg/mg of pyrocatechol equivalents respectively. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited significant wound healing activity probably due to the presence of flavonoids.

Keywords

Wound Healing Activity, Bauhinia Variegata Linn, Excision Wound Model, Incision Wound Healing.

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Arjun Kumawat ¹, Rajesh Kumar Sharma ², S. Muthuvenkatachalam ²

Affiliations
1 CRPF, Ranchi, IN
2 Himalayan College of Nursing, HIHT, Dehradun, IN

Abstract

Aim of the study: To assess the effectiveness of an instructional package for professional drivers on their competency in providing first aid to victims of accidents.

Materials and Methods: An experimental research using one group pre-test post-test design was conducted on convenient sample of 30 professional drivers working at selected institutions of Uttarakhand. Structured Knowledge questionnaire on First Aid management and Observational practice check list on First Aid management, developed by the researcher, were used to collect data from participants. The maximum possible score of knowledge and practice was 25 and 15 respectively. The tool and the instructional package covered five aspects of First Aid: Basic/Introduction of First Aid, Bleeding points, Immobilization, Transportation of patient and Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (C.P.R). Training programme was provided by the investigator through demonstration using simulation. The knowledge and practice of the drivers was assessed immediately before and a week after after training programme was conducted.

Results: The mean age of the participants was 40.6 ± 7.64 years and majority (90%) of them were completed at least higher secondary education. Nearly three fourths (73.33%) of the participants had never attended any First Aid training programme before. The knowledge score (maximum possible score was 25) was significantly improved from 13.73±5.42 to 20.40±3.01 (p<0.05; paired t-test). The practice score (maximum possible score was 15) was significantly increased from 4.77±2.6 to 12.40±1.28 (p<0.05; paired t-test). The maximum gain in knowledge was observed in the area of C.P.R (39.5%) followed by Transportation of victim (30%) and basics of First Aid (25.5%). In practice, the maximum gain was observed in bleeding points-related practice (61%) followed by CPR (48%). There was significant positive correlation between post-test knowledge and practice scores (r=0.691).

Conclusion: The outcome of the research suggested that the professional drivers had inadequate knowledge and practice score regarding First Aid and it can be effectively improved by a well designed training programme, which in turn might help saving many lives of accident victims. Further studies are recommended with larger sample and preferably with a control group.

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Ankit Kumar Singh ¹, Rajesh Kumar Sharma ¹, Varsha Sharma ², Tanmay Singh ¹, Rajesh Kumar ³, Dimple Kumari ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur-482001, Madhya Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur-482001, Madhya Pradesh, IN
3 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur-482001, Madhya Pradesh, IN
4 Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur-482001, Madhya Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Aim: The objective of this study was to isolate endophytic bacteria from Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves, their identification and investigate their antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves of A. indica (neem) was procured from the Department of Botany, JNKVV, Jabalpur. Five samples were taken, and each sample was divided into five subsamples and separated for further isolation of endophytic bacteria. For sterilization leaves were treated with double distilled water, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.01% bavistin, 0.05% and 70% ethanol. Sterilized leaves of the plants were embedded in Kings B (KB) petri plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Characterization of the bacteria was done according to its morphology and by Gram-staining. After that, a single colony was transferred into brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The antibacterial effect was studied by the disk diffusion method with known antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Ci) as standard.
Results: A total of 25 bacterial isolates from A. indica (neem) were obtained and identified morphologically. Most of the samples on KB media depicted irregular shape, flat elevation, undulated, rough, opaque, and white in color. Most of the samples on blood agar showed irregular, raise elevation, undulated, smooth, opaque and all the isolates were nonhemolytic and nonchromogenic. The growth of endophytic bacteria in BHI broth were all isolates showed turbidity. The microscopic examination revealed that maximum isolates were Gram-positive and rod shaped. Good antibacterial activity was observed against S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and K. pneumoniae.
Conclusions: Endophytic bacteria are present in leaves of A. indica (neem) and it possesses antibacterial activity against few Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Keywords

Antibacterial Activity, Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ciprofloxacin, Endophytic Bacteria, Leaves.

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